By Devanik Saha and Swagata Yadavar
A spate of deaths due to hospitals refusing to accept invalid currency notes has come to attention after Prime Minister Narendra Modis announcement invalidating 86 per cent of Indias currency on November 8.
Unlike government-run hospitals, private hospitals have not been allowed to use defunct Rs 500 and Rs 1,000 notes, potentially affecting 58 per cent of Indians in rural areas who opt for private healthcare (68 per cent in urban areas), according to National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) data.
In Noida, an infant died after a hospital reportedly asked for an advance of Rs 10,000 and then refused to take old currency notes.
An 18-month old baby died in Visakhapatnam as the parents didn't have money to buy medicines, and a year-old infant in Mainpuri, Uttar Pradesh, died after reportedly being denied treatment by a local private doctor as his parents didn't have money to pay for his treatment.
Despite multiple requests, Finance Minister Arun Jaitley said on November 17 that private hospitals would not accept old notes because that would encourage misuse of old currency.
Patients who had travelled away from their home states were particularly caught unaware by the move and faced a serious shortage of cash.
IndiaSpend met 52-year-old Mahavir Malhar and his wife from Jharia, Jharkhand, staying on the footpath outside Mumbai's Tata Memorial Hospital, a leading referral hospital for cancer patients nationwide. A labourer who earned Rs 200 every day before coming to Mumbai to address his wife's ear cancer, Malhar had no usable cash.
"We do not have cash to buy meals or even tea," said Malhar. Although treatment at Tata Memorial Hospital is free, and the hospital accepts old notes, staying in Mumbai is expensive for the couple. Since the note ban, their sons, also labourers, have not been able to send them money because of long lines at local banks.
"They are also daily wage earners and standing in a line for the whole day means loss of income," said Malhar. The couple now depends on the free meals provided by the hospital and charitable trusts.
As noted, more than half of India's population depends on private healthcare, despite the fact that private healthcare cost the poorest 20 per cent of Indians more than 15 times their average monthly expenditure, according to a 2014 NSSO survey.
Other markers of India's dependence on private healthcare:
-- Up to 86 per cent of the rural population (717 million people) and 82 per cent of the urban population (309 million people) are without health expenditure support.
-- Indians spend eight times more in a private hospital than a government hospital, according to an analysis of National Health Accounts (NHA) 2013-14 data by The Hindu. The report estimated that households spent Rs 8,193 crore in government hospitals, an eighth of the Rs 62,628 crore spent in private hospitals.
-- As much as 69 per cent of health expenditure in India is private (out-of-pocket) -- the highest proportion in the world -- according to NHA data. Out-of-pocket expenditure is the share of expenses that patients pay to the healthcare provider without third-party insurance or government-subsidised treatment.
-- Of 930,000 doctors in the country, only 106,000 work for the government. This means there is one government doctor for every 11,528 people, according to the National Health Profile 2015 report.
-- About 81 per cent sanctioned posts of specialist medical professionals in community health centres were lying vacant, according to a 2015 rural health statistics report.
Therefore, the government's decision to not allow private hospitals to accept old notes will restrict access to healthcare for a significant section of Indians.
Post-demonetisation, the Maharashtra government's toll-free 108 helpline -- the 24x7 emergency ambulance services number -- is also reporting complaints against private hospitals refusing to accept cheques.
Lack of cash is making patients prioritise their cash needs, and health issues tend to be pushed back on family priority lists, reported private practitioners from urban centres.
"There has a been a drop of 25-30 per cent in patients coming to our private out-patient (OPD) department," said Manish Motwani, bariatric surgeon at Aastha Healthcare, Mumbai. He attributed the drop to a fall in non-emergency cases.
"There was a 40 per cent drop in my patients in the OPD the next day of demonetisation; now the drop is of 10-15 per cent, but some of my other colleagues are seeing a drop of 50 per cent in the number of hospitalisations," said Pradeep Gadge, a Mumbai diabetologist. Many doctors said they were allowing patients known to them to pay later.
There has also been an increase in the number of patients in government hospitals, where treatment is largely free or at nominal charges. "We have seen an increase in the number of patients in our primary healthcare centre since the currency ban," said Amol Bhusare, medical officer at Pallam, a small town east of Mumbai. Bhusare said two of his patients who had gone to a private diagnostic centre for a CT Scan at nearby Nanded city were turned back for bringing old notes.
Akhilesh Yadav, Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, requested Modi and Jaitley to allow Rs 500 and Rs 1,000 notes at private hospitals and medicine shops till November 30.
"As Rs 500 and Rs 1,000 were banned in haste, those undergoing treatment at hospitals and nursing homes are facing a lot of problems," said Yadav. "I, therefore, request you to intervene and allow private hospitals, nursing homes and medicine shops to accept these notes till at least November 30."
A few hospitals have pleaded that they be allowed to accept older currency. Mumbai's Bhatia Hospital wrote to the Prime Minister the day after his initial note-ban announcement. "We are one of the oldest charitable hospitals in Mumbai and requested (that) at least charitable hospitals be allowed to accept older notes," said Rajeev Boudhankar, CEO of Bhatia Hospital. He said no patient has been turned away. They are accepting payments through other means, including cheques, although three cheques have bounced.
(In arrangement with IndiaSpend.org, a data-driven, non-profit, public interest journalism platform, with whom Swagata Yadavar is principal correspondent. Devanik Saha is with the Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex. The views expressed are those of IndiaSpend. Feedback at respond@indiaspend.org)
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