The 25-year-old on Saturday crossed the line in four minutes 38.92 seconds at the Olympic Stadium, beating her previous mark of 4:44.06 set in 2014, reports Xinhua news agency.
Kenya's Nancy Koech took silver in 4:42.12 and Colombia's Maritza Arango Buitrago bronze in 4:45.33.
Zheng inherited cataracts from her mother at birth, resulting in a visual impairment.
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