Jadhav was below par at Heat 2 on the Olympic Aquatic stadium, which harmed his chances of advancing to the final round.
Jadhav participated in the second heat alongside five other swimmers.
Jadhav trailed from the start and finished his heat sixth among as many swimmers with a time of 3 minute 1.05 seconds.
The 22-year-old Maharashtrian was 10th in the overall standings among 12 swimmers.
The best eight athletes progressed to the final round with Colombian Carlos Serrano securing the top qualifying spot with a time of 2:40.58, followed by American Rudy Garcia-Tolson (2:43.26) and Ukrainian Levgenii Bogodaiko (2:44.89)
