Panic gripped Manipur in July, 2016 when a four-year-old girl -- after suffering high fever, convulsions, and slipping in and out of consciousness over a few days -- succumbed to Japanese encephalitis (JE), the state's first death from the viral brain infection transmitted by the Culex mosquito since 2010. A few days later, the virus claimed its second victim, an adult.
These deaths were enough to close school until the end of July in the district of Churachandpur and spark a reaction in Parliament a fortnight ago.
JE is the leading cause of viral encephalitis or brain inflammation in Asia. While mild cases of JE experience fever with headache, much like any other viral fever, severe infections are associated with neck stiffness, stupor, disorientation, coma, tremors, convulsions and spastic paralysis. Fatality rates for severe infections hover between 20 per cent and 30 per cent, according to the World Health Organisation (WHO).
Even with treatment, JE can leave significant neurological effects, especially in children. About 30 per per cent to 50 per cent of the survivors can struggle to walk or suffer cognitive disabilities.
JE is caused by a virulent virus. Much like Manipur this year, the virus made a comeback in Odisha in 2012, after two decades, with 272 cases reported and 24 dead.
JE has a tendency to invade new areas that host its traditional habitat -- stagnant water in paddy fields -- and even develop new habitats. "Sub-groups of the Culex species of mosquito have been found in vegetation growth along the Yamuna, from where they are infecting people," said A.C. Dhariwal, Director, National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP).
In March 2016, IndiaSpend reported a 3 per cent decline in allocations to the National Vector-Borne Disease Control Programme, which covers malaria, dengue, chikunguniya and JE, kala-azar and lymphatic filariasis, from Rs 482 crore in 2011-12 to Rs 463 crore in 2015-16.
Over this time, JE -- so called because it was first reported in Japan in 1871 -- cases rose 210 per cent, the death toll 181 per cent.
JE cases could be many times the officially reported data, according to a 2016 study in the Journal of Paediatrics, because the testing method popularly used to detect the virus infection in the patient's blood and cerebrospinal fluid may be missing cases of JE among patients of acute encephalitis syndrome, a brain fever.
"We estimated 626 symptomatic JE cases in Kushinagar, a district in Uttar Pradesh, in 2012, while the state reported 139 confirmed cases during the same transmission season," said Manish Kakkar, study leader, senior public health specialist, communicable diseases and adjunct associate professor with the Public Health Foundation of India (PHFI).
The global burden of JE could be 10 times the figures reported to the WHO, a 2011 study estimated.
Traditionally, children were the most affected age-group by JE, said the NVBDCP's Dhariwal. Infection rates in children aged three to 15 were found to be 5 to 10 times higher than in adults, according to a 2012 study.
Since vaccination offers significant protection against JE, in 2006, the government launched immunisation campaigns for children aged one to 15 in Uttar Pradesh's endemic areas.
"Campaigns are the first line of action against JE, the second being routine immunisation, after covering the vulnerable population group through campaigns," said Pradeep Haldar, Deputy Commissioner (Immunisation) at the Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.
The NVBDCP has declared 216 districts endemic for campaigns, 17 in the current transmission season alone.
Immunisation against JE is part of routine immunisation (RI) in 197 districts. Two doses are administered, the first at about nine months, the second at 18 months.
"Good immunisation coverage has helped curtail the outbreaks of JE in south India like in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and some districts of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, etc.," said Dhariwal.
However, as we said, JE finds new targets. With children better protected, the virus is striking more adults. A 2015 study of 778 patients in Assam found adults more vulnerable, possibly due to exposure in paddy fields. Manipur alone recorded 19 adults and 12 children with JE in the ongoing season, according to the state's surveillance office.
So far, adult vaccination campaigns have been implemented in 21 "high-burden districts" identified by the NVBDCP in Assam, West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh, with another 10 districts about to be declared endemic, said Haldar, who added, "There is no shortage of funds for immunisation."
In Manipur, public awareness about the protective benefit of vaccination is high, said Thokchom Nandakishwor Singh, State Nodal Officer (Immunisation), Manipur. So, a vaccination drive in July for those under 16 was conducted with police support to manage the crowd that turned up, with adults clamouring to be vaccinated.
No medicine exists to treat JE. As with other viruses, patients are treated for the symptoms they develop.
Serious cases can be prevented from developing complications by the early management at the primary and secondary level, "but this pattern is often not followed in rural areas where outbreaks happen", said Kakkar of the Kushinagar study and the PHFI.
For instance, in districts in eastern Uttar Pradesh's Gorakhpur division, classified "high endemic", the chances of death increase because people cannot afford transfers to better health centres.
The lack of attention in remote areas spurs an influx of "serious" patients in urban hospitals sufficiently equipped to handle critical cases. This year, so far, five JE cases from smaller towns have sought treatment at the Shija Hospitals & Research Institute, one of Imphal's best private hospitals.
When JE was detected in India, in 1955 -- 84 years after the first case in Japan -- the disease was confined to Tamil Nadu. In 1973, it struck West Bengal. The virus then invaded 22 rice-growing states, where its carrier, the Culex mosquito, breeds in stagnant water, acquiring the infection from feeding on infected domestic pigs, the amplifying host, and migratory birds, the natural host.
Uttar Pradesh first reported JE in 1977. However, outbreaks in Gorakhpur and neighbouring districts have become more frequent after the late 1970s. In Haryana, the latest region to suffer JE outbreaks, the Culex mosquito has found a new habitat -- vegetation along the Yamuna.
Back in the Northeast, Assamese doctors have blamed warmer temperatures for an extended transmission season, lasting up to November instead of July, and for the rising number of cases in the state.
(27.08.2016 - In arrangement with IndiaSpend.org, a data-driven, non-profit, public interest journalism platform. Charu Bahri is a freelance writer and editor based in Mount Abu, Rajasthan. The views expressed are those of IndiaSpend. Feedback at respond@indiaspend.org)
