You would not think there was a worsening farm crisis in Indias second-largest agricultural economy if you met Jairam Jadhav in Maharashtra's central region of Marathwada, one of the areas facing a drought that equals the worst in a century.
Jadhav, 35, is a happy man. Despite two seasons of truant rains, his well has enough water to supply his 20-acres of sugarcane, cotton and pigeon pea farms for three hours a day. Last year, this time, he could do no better than an hour.
Thanks to the Maharashtra governments ambitious Jalyukt Shivar Abhiyan (Irrigated Farmlands Programme), streams flowing through Jadhavs village of Pandharwadi in the district of Beed were broadened, deepened and de-silted before the monsoons. His land is next to one of these refurbished streams, which allow more water to percolate through to his well.
About 250 km to the northeast in Vidarbhas Washim district, Ramesh Marge, 35, is also pleased with the governments efforts. His 45 acres of soya bean and cotton - hes also planted some pulses and vegetables - in Gayaval village are flourishing.
Marge is acutely aware, though, of the great dry that has descended on the lives of farmers.
When I was a kid, I used to bathe buffaloes in plenty of water in January and February. We do not see water in our village in October now, said Marge. Last year, we did not have enough water to wash our cattle during the pola (the summer harvests farm festivities, usually in October).
In the same village, Shankar Choure showed IndiaSpend how his decade-old orange orchard is blooming. Thanks to a bund-built under the Jalyukt Shivar Abhiyan - that traps water, he runs four pumps to irrigate his 100 acres of farmland.
Choure, Marge and Jadhav have one thing in common - they are prosperous farmers with comparatively vast landholdings in a state where the average landholding is 1.44 acres, down from 1.86 acres two decades ago, according to Agricultural Census of India.
The proportion of small farmers (owning less than five acres) increased from 70 percent to 79 percent in the 1995-2011 period.
So, while the Jalyukt Shivar Abhiyan intends to make Maharashtra drought-free by 2019, it appears to have worked mainly for prosperous farmers. As the first part of this series showed (on January 2), a piecemeal approach of random work that ignores the geological water cycle of an area - a watershed - and spreads itself thin as the droughts ravages spread is not helping millions of smaller farms.
In Choures village of Gayaval - that has the most number of Jalyukt Shivar projects in the taluka - about 60 percent of farmers own less than five acres of land. More than 10.7 million of the states 13.7 million farmers (or 79 percent) own less than five acres of land, according to the Agricultural Census of India. It is these farmers who bear the brunt of the drought.
Twelve times as many tankers roam 16 times as many villages
The Jalyukt Shivar Abhiyan is nothing if not ambitious: It aims to irrigate 19,059 of 40,000 villages in Maharashtra in 22 drought-affected districts by 2019. As many as 41,000 of proposed 0.14 million watershed projects have been completed in one year, according to the government.
Around 24 tmc feet (thousand million cubic feet) water-storage capacity has been added in the state due to the Jalyukt Shivar Abhiyan, Chief Minister Devendra Fadnavis told Economic Times in an interview.
On the ground, the droughts effects grow, and more villages struggle.
Over the annual farming season in 2014, 1,377 villages from Beed in central Maharashtra were declared water-scarce; this year 1,403 villages are on that list. The government also declared as water-scarce 2,050 and 793 villages in the eastern districts of Yavatmal and Washim respectively in 2014, while no district was declared water-scarce over the 2015 kharif (monsoon) season.
In 2014, as a consequence of mostly adequate rainfall the previous year, 13 tankers supplied drinking water to 15 villages in Beed district. In 2015, two consecutive droughts compelled the administration to send more than 12 times the number of tankers to 16 times as many villages: 162 tankers roam 243 villages.
In spite of consecutive droughts, Yavatmal and Washim districts have sent no tankers out. That may happen in the summer months of April, May and June, when the scarcity deepens.
Small and marginal farmers, defined as those with less than five acres of land, need Jalyukt Shivar the most. From the observations that IndiaSpend made, this is why the scheme is failing them:
In a typical village with 250 houses, only 30 to 50 benefit from the scheme, which is no more than 10-20 percent, while 80 percent have small farms.
Prosperous farmers tend to be near streams and wells, so they mainly benefit from the broadening and deepening. Wells in the same village located away from these streams have run dry, the inadequate attention to geological detail and local needs evident.
Malampatti (band-aid) cannot offer lasting solutions to irrigation crisis
Although short-term measures are needed, that is only malampatti (band-aid solutions), said Suresh Khanapurkar, the brain behind what is called the Shirpur Model for water conservation in the northern district of Dhule.
There is no doubt that the depth and breadth of streams needs to be increased, he said, but the broadening and deepening must be carried out from the origin to end (where it meets a river).
The total storage capacity in Maharashtra is around 1,340 TMC, of which 930 TMC is stored in large dams and 170 TMC each in medium and minor storage dams. Water storage in the state is thus heavily-tilted toward large dams.
With Fadnavis himself criticising large dams for their ineffectiveness in mitigating the droughts effect, Jalyukt Shivar will need to play an important role in rescuing the livelihoods of 10 million farmers with holdings of five-acre or less.
Robert Browning said of human aspirations: Mans reach should exceed his grasp. Jalyukt Shivar has grasped the need, but its reach is inadequate.
(In arrangement with IndiaSpend.org, a data-driven, non-profit, public interest journalism platform, where Waghmare is a policy analyst. The views expressed are those of IndiaSpend. The author can be contacted at respond@indiaspend.org)
